Skip to Main Content

Research Skills (ARCHIVED)

Citing Primary Sources

Do you have the original publication information? 

YES:  Cite in-text with the original information, and include the container in the bibliographic citation. (Use the advanced level on NoodleTools.)

NO:  Red Flag! See if you can locate the information elsewhere.

Primary and Secondary Sources

How do you know if it is a primary (P) or secondary (S) source? 

  • Is the story from the perspective of someone who was there? (P)

  • Is the information consistent with what was available at the time of the event?  (P)

  • Is the publication date the same or reasonably close to the event date? (P)

How do you know if it is a primary (P) or secondary source (S)? 

  • Who is the author, interviewer/ee, or orator in relation to the topic(s)? Are they or is what they are saying the main topic? (P) 

  • Is the "voice" the same as the topic (P), or is the voice about the topic (S)?

How do you know if it is a primary (P) or secondary source (S)?

  • Is it raw, uninterpreted data?  (P)

  • Is the information presented in its original, interpreted form?  (P)

  • Is the information presented using the tools available at the time? (P)